2. SPEAKING. DESCRIBING A PROCESS. HOW TO PRUNE A FRUIT TREE


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UNIT 1. PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF A PLANT

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THE PLANT A plant is a living organism. It is made up of different parts, each or which has a particular purpose, or specialized function. If one part of the plant is not functioning properly the whole plant will suffer. But we may cut flowers off the plant or prune the roots or the branches. Such damage is only temporary and so the plant will continue to grow. Plants have two Organ Systems : the shoot system and the root system. 1. The root system is below ground. This system includes roots, tubers (an enlarged, fleshy, underground stem with buds capable of producing new plants) and rhizomes (a horizontal stem that is usually underground and roots grow from it.) 2. The shoot system is above ground. This system includes these organs: stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds.  THE ROOT The root is usually below the ground. It has two main functions: 1.-It absorbs the water and minerals from the soil and sometimes stores food. 2.-It holds or a...
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UNIT 2. THE LIFE CYCLE OF A PLANT

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Many plants grow out of seeds and bulbs. Seeds grow roots and shoots. Roots and shoots then grow leaves above ground. Many plants make flowers, which turn into fruits. Flowers and fruits make their own seeds. We call this a life cycle. Germination When a seed falls on the ground, it needs warmth and water in order to germinate; some seeds also need light. Dicots have seed coats that soften with moisture. After being planted in the soil for a few days, the seed absorbs water and swells until the seed coat splits. Monocots have harder seed coats that do not split, but stay in one piece. The stem, called the hypocotyl, pushes through the soil along with the cotyledons, or seed leaves; this is called germination, or sprouting. The tiny root pushes down and grows, looking for water and nutrients. Soon the cotyledons fall off and the first true leaves emerge. It is important that the seed is planted in the right place at the right time in order for it to germ...
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3. IMPERSONAL PASSIVE SENTENCES

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If the predicate of the passive sentence is a verb transitive like: believe, think, find, say, report, consider, understand, acknowledge, expect, tell, know then you can change the active sentence into passive using two ways. Look at the examples: a) People say that he is handsome. (in the present) * It is said that he is handsome. * He is said to be handsome. (to + V1) b) They knew he had an idea. * It was known that he had an idea. * He was known to have had an idea. (to + have V3) These are formal structures. They are often used in news reports, on TV or in scientific texts.  CLICK HERE TO PRACTISE
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